make certain
英 /meɪk ˈsɜːtn/美 /meɪk ˈsɜːrtn/
v. 动词
确保;查明;弄清楚
用法示例
- Please make certain that all lights are turned off before leaving.离开前请确保所有灯都关掉。
- We must make certain of the exact number of participants.我们必须查明参与者的确切人数。
- She made certain to double-check the report for errors.她确保仔细检查报告中的错误。
- The scientist made certain that the experiment was reproducible.科学家确保实验是可重复的。
- In legal contracts, it is crucial to make certain that all clauses are unambiguous.在法律合同中,确保所有条款无歧义至关重要。
- Before the trip, we made certain of the hotel reservation.旅行前,我们确认了酒店预订。
含义详解
make certain 的核心含义是“使确定”,即通过行动或验证来消除不确定性。其本义源于“make”(使)与“certain”(确定的)的组合,表示“使某事物变得确定”。由此引申出两个主要义项:一是“确保”(ensure),指采取行动以保证某事发生或达到某种结果,例如“We must make certain that the project is finished on time.”(我们必须确保项目按时完成。);二是“查明”(ascertain),指通过调查或核实来确认事实,例如“Please make certain of the flight time.”(请查明航班时间。)。这两个义项紧密相连:要“确保”往往需要先“查明”现状,而“查明”的目的也常是为了“确保”。
词源解析
该词组由动词“make”和形容词“certain”构成。“make”源自古英语“macian”,意为“制作、使成为”;“certain”源自拉丁语“certus”,意为“确定的、可靠的”,是“cernere”(区分、决定)的过去分词形式。整个词组字面意为“使成为确定的”,构词逻辑清晰,易于记忆:想象你亲手把一件事“做”成“确定”的状态,即“确保”或“查明”。
适用语境
make certain 在多种场合使用,语气偏正式。在学术写作中,用于强调论证的严谨性,如“Researchers must make certain that their data is accurate.”(研究人员必须确保数据准确。);在商务邮件中,用于强调责任或要求,如“Please make certain all invoices are paid by Friday.”(请确保所有发票在周五前付清。);在日常口语中,虽不常见,但也会出现,如“Make certain you lock the door.”(确保你锁门。);在新闻报道中,用于强调事实核查,如“The authorities made certain that the evidence was not tampered with.”(当局确保证据未被篡改。);在法律文本中,用于强调义务,如“The party must make certain that the contract is executed.”(当事方必须确保合同得到履行。)。总体而言,其正式程度高于“make sure”,在书面语中更受青睐。
用法须知
make certain 是及物动词短语,后常接 that 从句(that 可省略)、介词 of 引导的名词或动名词,以及不定式(较少见)。常见句型:1. make certain + that 从句,如“Make certain (that) you have enough money.”(确保你有足够的钱。);2. make certain of + 名词/动名词,如“He made certain of winning the game.”(他确保赢得比赛。);3. make certain + 不定式,如“She made certain to arrive early.”(她确保早到。)。易错点:该短语通常不用于被动语态(如“*It was made certain that...”不自然);且后接 that 从句时,从句中常用一般现在时或一般将来时,避免使用虚拟语气。
相似词辨析
与 make certain 近义的词包括 make sure、ensure、ascertain、confirm。make sure 是最常见的口语化表达,语气更随意,如“Make sure you turn off the lights.”(确保关灯。);ensure 更正式,强调保证结果,如“This policy ensures equal opportunities.”(这项政策确保机会均等。);ascertain 强调通过调查或努力查明,如“The police ascertained the cause of the accident.”(警方查明事故原因。);confirm 强调确认已有的事实,如“Please confirm your reservation.”(请确认您的预订。)。使用建议:日常口语用 make sure;书面正式用 ensure 或 make certain;强调调查用 ascertain;强调确认信息用 confirm。
常见误区
make certain 属于中性偏正式的语域,在口语中略显生硬,但在书面语和正式场合中非常得体。它没有明显的褒贬色彩,但常带有责任感或谨慎的意味。常见误用:1. 与 make sure 混淆,在非正式场合使用 make certain 显得不自然;2. 在 that 从句中误用虚拟语气,如“*Make certain that he come.” 应改为“Make certain that he comes.”;3. 将 of 后接动词原形,如“*Make certain of do it.” 应改为“Make certain of doing it.”;4. 在被动语态中误用,如“*It was made certain that...”,应尽量避免。
常见搭配
- make certain that...
- make certain of sth.
- make certain to do sth.
- make absolutely certain
- make doubly certain
- make certain of the facts
- make certain arrangements