by then
英 /baɪ ðen/美 /baɪ ðɛn/
adv. 副词
到那时;在那之前
用法示例
- By then, the sun had already set.到那时,太阳已经落山了。
- I should have finished the project by then.到那时我应该已经完成这个项目了。
- By then, you will have graduated from college.到那时,你已经大学毕业了。
- He didn't realize the mistake until much later, but by then it was too late.他直到很久以后才意识到错误,但那时已经太晚了。
- Please send me the documents by then.请在那时之前把文件发给我。
含义详解
“by then”的核心含义是“到那时”,表示到某个特定的时间点为止或在那之前。它由“by”(不迟于)和“then”(那时)组成,本义是“到那时(为止)”。引申义包括:1)表示到未来某个时间点之前,事情已经完成或发生;2)表示到过去某个时间点之前,事情已经完成或发生。其逻辑关系是从空间上的“靠近”引申到时间上的“截止”,强调时间界限。
词源解析
“by”源自古英语“bī”,意为“在……旁边,在……附近”,后引申为“不迟于”;“then”源自古英语“þanne”,意为“那时”。“by then”作为一个固定搭配,构词逻辑清晰:由介词“by”加副词“then”组合,表示“到那时”。记忆时可拆解为“by”(到……为止)和“then”(那时),合起来即“到那时为止”。
适用语境
“by then”广泛用于多种场合。在日常口语中,常用来交代时间节点,语气随意,如“I'll be done by then.”。在学术写作和新闻报道中,用于明确时间界限,语气正式,如“By then, the data had been collected.”。在商务邮件中,用来确认截止时间,如“Please submit the report by then.”。在文学作品和叙事中,用于推进故事情节,如“By then, she had left the town.”。总体而言,该短语中性,无强烈语域差异。
用法须知
“by then”在句中作时间状语,通常位于句首或句末。它常与过去完成时或将来完成时连用,表示“到那时已经……”。例如:“By then, he had finished his homework.”(到那时,他已经完成作业了。)“By then, I will have arrived.”(到那时,我将已经到达。)易错点:不要与“until then”(直到那时)混淆,后者强调动作持续到那时,而“by then”强调不迟于那时。
相似词辨析
“by then”与“since then”和“until then”相近。“since then”指“从那时起”,强调从过去某时到现在的持续,如“I have lived here since then.”;“until then”指“直到那时”,强调动作持续到那时为止,如“Wait until then.”;“by then”强调截止时间,不迟于那时。另外,“by that time”与“by then”可互换,但“by that time”更正式。使用时需根据时间关系选择。
常见误区
“by then”是中性短语,无褒贬色彩,适用于大多数语境。常见误用:一是与“until then”混淆,导致语义错误;二是与完成时态搭配不当,如“By then, I arrived.”应为“By then, I had arrived.”。此外,在口语中,有时“by then”后接的时态不够准确,但正式写作中需注意时态一致。
常见搭配
- by then, ...
- well before by then
- by then, already
- just by then
- not until by then
- by then, at least
- by then, if not earlier