by then

英 /baɪ ðen/美 /baɪ ðɛn/

adv. 副词

到那时;在那之前

用法示例

  1. By then, the sun had already set.到那时,太阳已经落山了。
  2. I should have finished the project by then.到那时我应该已经完成这个项目了。
  3. By then, you will have graduated from college.到那时,你已经大学毕业了。
  4. He didn't realize the mistake until much later, but by then it was too late.他直到很久以后才意识到错误,但那时已经太晚了。
  5. Please send me the documents by then.请在那时之前把文件发给我。

含义详解

“by then”的核心含义是“到那时”,表示到某个特定的时间点为止或在那之前。它由“by”(不迟于)和“then”(那时)组成,本义是“到那时(为止)”。引申义包括:1)表示到未来某个时间点之前,事情已经完成或发生;2)表示到过去某个时间点之前,事情已经完成或发生。其逻辑关系是从空间上的“靠近”引申到时间上的“截止”,强调时间界限。

词源解析

“by”源自古英语“bī”,意为“在……旁边,在……附近”,后引申为“不迟于”;“then”源自古英语“þanne”,意为“那时”。“by then”作为一个固定搭配,构词逻辑清晰:由介词“by”加副词“then”组合,表示“到那时”。记忆时可拆解为“by”(到……为止)和“then”(那时),合起来即“到那时为止”。

适用语境

“by then”广泛用于多种场合。在日常口语中,常用来交代时间节点,语气随意,如“I'll be done by then.”。在学术写作和新闻报道中,用于明确时间界限,语气正式,如“By then, the data had been collected.”。在商务邮件中,用来确认截止时间,如“Please submit the report by then.”。在文学作品和叙事中,用于推进故事情节,如“By then, she had left the town.”。总体而言,该短语中性,无强烈语域差异。

用法须知

“by then”在句中作时间状语,通常位于句首或句末。它常与过去完成时或将来完成时连用,表示“到那时已经……”。例如:“By then, he had finished his homework.”(到那时,他已经完成作业了。)“By then, I will have arrived.”(到那时,我将已经到达。)易错点:不要与“until then”(直到那时)混淆,后者强调动作持续到那时,而“by then”强调不迟于那时。

相似词辨析

“by then”与“since then”和“until then”相近。“since then”指“从那时起”,强调从过去某时到现在的持续,如“I have lived here since then.”;“until then”指“直到那时”,强调动作持续到那时为止,如“Wait until then.”;“by then”强调截止时间,不迟于那时。另外,“by that time”与“by then”可互换,但“by that time”更正式。使用时需根据时间关系选择。

常见误区

“by then”是中性短语,无褒贬色彩,适用于大多数语境。常见误用:一是与“until then”混淆,导致语义错误;二是与完成时态搭配不当,如“By then, I arrived.”应为“By then, I had arrived.”。此外,在口语中,有时“by then”后接的时态不够准确,但正式写作中需注意时态一致。

常见搭配

  • by then, ...
  • well before by then
  • by then, already
  • just by then
  • not until by then
  • by then, at least
  • by then, if not earlier