work against
英 /wɜːk əˈɡɛnst/美 /wɜrk əˈɡɛnst/
v. 动词
对…不利;妨碍;违背
用法示例
- The lack of evidence worked against the prosecution's case.证据不足对检方的案件不利。
- His arrogance often works against him in job interviews.他的傲慢在求职面试中常常对他不利。
- Time is working against us; we need to hurry.时间对我们不利,我们必须抓紧。
- The new policy works against small businesses.新政策对小企业不利。
- Her shyness works against her in social situations.她的害羞在社交场合对她不利。
- The judge's bias worked against the defendant.法官的偏见对被告不利。
含义详解
work against 的本义是“对着…工作”,即某人或某物在相反方向上起作用,从而产生不利影响。引申义主要有两个:一是“对…不利”,指某因素(如时间、环境、条件)导致失败或困难;二是“妨碍,阻碍”,指主动或被动地阻挠某事的进展。其引申逻辑在于,当某事物“与…对抗”时,自然会造成阻碍或伤害。例如,时间紧迫是“work against you”,意味着时间在与你作对,使任务更难完成。
词源解析
work 源自古英语 weorc,意为“做、行动”;against 源自古英语 ongean,意为“相反、相对”。两者组合成短语动词,字面意思是“在相反方向工作”,即“与…对抗”。记忆时可联想“对着干”的意象:当你和某人对着干时,你就是在 work against 他。
适用语境
此短语常用于正式和非正式场合。在学术写作和新闻报道中,常用来分析不利因素,如“The evidence works against the theory.”(证据对该理论不利)。在商务邮件中,用于讨论风险,如“The tight deadline works against us.”(紧迫的期限对我们不利)。日常口语中,也用来表达个人困境,如“My lack of experience works against me.”(缺乏经验对我很不利)。法律文本中可能出现“work against the defendant”(对被告不利)。语气中性,不带强烈感情色彩。
用法须知
work against 是及物短语动词,后接名词或代词作宾语。常见句型:主语(人或事物)+ work against + 宾语。例如:“The weather worked against our plans.”(天气对我们的计划不利。)注意:work against 不用于被动语态,如不能说“We were worked against by the weather.”。另外,它通常不用于进行时,除非强调动态过程,但较少见。
相似词辨析
与 work against 相近的词有 hinder, impede, obstruct。hinder 强调造成延迟或困难,如“Heavy rain hindered the rescue.”;impede 更正式,指明显阻碍进程,如“The lack of funding impeded the project.”;obstruct 指故意设置障碍,如“The fallen tree obstructed the road.”。而 work against 更强调某种因素在反向起作用,不一定有意识,但结果是对目标不利。选择时,若强调因素本身的不利性,用 work against;若强调阻碍动作,则用 hinder/impede/obstruct。
常见误区
work against 属于中性偏正式短语,可用于大多数语境。注意不要与 work with(与…合作)混淆。常见误用包括:误用为“work against sth”表示“努力反对”时,应使用“work against”的主动语义,但更常用“fight against”或“campaign against”。另外,不要将 against 误拼为 again。
常见搭配
- work against someone
- work against something
- work against the clock
- work against the odds
- work against a deadline
- work against the grain